NAD+

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) is the quintessential coenzyme found in all living cells, serving as a critical electron transporter in redox reactions and a substrate for multiple essential enzymes. Its research applications are vast, primarily focusing on its role as a rate-limiting substrate for sirtuins (SIRT1-7), poly-ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs), and the cyclic ADP-ribose synthases (CD38/CD157). By donating ADP-ribose moieties, NAD+ facilitates DNA repair mechanisms, epigenetic regulation, and calcium signaling. High-dose NAD+ research investigates its neuroprotective properties in models of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease, as well as its profound effects on reversing hepatic steatosis and improving renal function. Given its high molecular weight and polar nature, it requires specific carrier systems for cellular uptake in vitro. Researchers must store this compound desiccated and protected from light to prevent photodegradation, reconstituting it immediately before use to maintain its reduced state.